What is the content of first aid and emergency health training?

At present, the formal first aid and emergency health training for the general public in China is centered on the logical setting of "preserving life first, then reducing damage, and finally avoiding subsequent health risks in emergency scenarios." There are no completely unified fixed items, but the core content basically covers the following directions: pre-hospital life-saving practices, common emergency injury treatment, and emergency health protection in special scenarios.

When we provide training for business districts and communities, we never talk about theory at the beginning. In the first class, we will show some real local cases: last year, a customer in the business district was eating hotpot and his hairy belly got stuck in his throat and suffocated. People around him were in a panic and patted his back. No one dared to use the Heimlich. By the time the ambulance arrived, the best time had been missed.； There was also an old man in the community who had a heart attack and fell to the ground. Passersby did not dare to touch him for fear of being blamed. He did not perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation for the golden 4 minutes and had no physical signs when he was sent to the hospital. First, the most important life-saving skills of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the Heimlich maneuver are taught at the front. Everyone must practice them enough times on the simulator. The most basic on-site judgment is also taught: when you see someone falling to the ground, first scan the surroundings to see if there are any electric shocks, falling objects, or traffic. For these risks, don't rush forward and get injured first. When calling 120, don't just cry and shout "Come and save people." You must clearly explain where the injured person is, what their current condition is, whether they are breathing, and whether they are bleeding. Only then can the dispatcher prepare in advance and save a lot of time. When I was training for a milk tea street, there was a clerk who was born after 2000. Less than half a month after the training, he encountered a customer who had a pearl stuck in his throat. He took a picture of the foreign object within 10 seconds of going up. He had always thought that Heimlich was only used to save children.

After these life-saving skills have been thoroughly practiced, I will talk about the high-frequency emergencies encountered in daily life: teach everyone the FAST formula to identify strokes, check whether the face is crooked, whether the arms can be lifted, and whether the speech is clear. If there is a problem, go to the doctor immediately. Don’t wait to "take it easy." There is only the 3-hour golden treatment window. If it is delayed, it is easy to leave sequelae.； There are also correct handling of common situations such as hypoglycemia, fainting, burns, scratches and bites by cats and dogs, and sprains and bleeding. By the way, we will dispel the deep-rooted misconceptions: don’t apply toothpaste and soy sauce to burns. It is correct to rinse with cold water for 15 minutes. Don’t apply hot compresses to sprains. Use cold compresses to brake fresh injuries. Don’t help people who have fallen. If you suspect that the spinal cord is injured, moving around may lead to paraplegia. At this time, standing by to block the car and calling 120 are also helpful. Last time there was a community where Aunt Zhang returned from school and her grandson knocked over a thermos bottle. She held her grandson down and flushed him with cold water for 15 minutes before sending him to the hospital. The doctors said that the treatment was very good and the injuries that might have left scars were almost invisible in the end.

In the past, there were differences in the industry on whether to teach AED operation to ordinary students. One group believed that ordinary people cannot read heart rhythms, and would be held responsible if the operation was wrong, which would harm people. The other group felt that the current public AEDs have fully automatic voice prompts. As long as you follow the instructions, there will be no mistakes. This is the consensus in the past two years. It has gradually become unified. As long as ordinary people with formal training can operate AEDs, our training will now combine the use of AEDs with cardiopulmonary resuscitation. After all, there are more and more AEDs in subway stations, shopping malls, and schools. If you dare to use them in real trouble, you can save one more life.

In addition to these contents that directly deal with injuries and illnesses, the current training will also add a lot of emergency health-related contents. Don’t think these are not important: when escaping from a fire, how to cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel and walk in a low posture. Otherwise, even if you run out, you may inhale harmful gases and injure your lungs.； How to judge the signs of heat stroke on extremely hot days. Don’t think that “just taking a break from heatstroke is enough”. The mortality rate from heat stroke can be more than half ； How to prevent hypothermia when working outdoors on low-temperature days, how to allocate physical strength and avoid unnecessary consumption if you are buried under an earthquake, even what to prepare in a family emergency medicine kit, and how to correctly wear a mask and do hand disinfection when an infectious disease is prevalent. These are all contents that have been gradually added as demand has increased in recent years.

In fact, after doing training for so long, we feel that the content is actually not fixed, and is adjusted according to everyone's actual needs. The core is not to ask students to memorize how many knowledge points, but not to panic when encountering problems, to dare to get started, and not to use crude methods to help. This is enough.